home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
TIME: Almanac 1995
/
TIME Almanac 1995.iso
/
time
/
011491
/
0114300.000
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1994-03-25
|
3KB
|
79 lines
<text id=91TT0077>
<title>
Jan. 14, 1991: Bang! A Big Theory May Be Shot
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Jan. 14, 1991 Breast Cancer
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SCIENCE, Page 63
Bang! A Big Theory May Be Shot
</hdr><body>
<p>A new study of the stars could rewrite the history of the
universe
</p>
<p> Astronomers trying to piece together the universe's past
have two major pieces of evidence with which to work. The first
is that the whole thing began with a Big Bang, an explosion of
unimaginable heat and power, between 10 billion and 20 billion
years ago. The second is that the modern-day cosmos is made up
of galaxies. Gravity presumably played a role in the process,
but the details are unknown.
</p>
<p> For the past decade or so, the best scientific guess about
the evolution of the universe has been the cold-dark-matter
(CDM) theory, which holds that an exotic, unseen form of matter
helped create the galaxies. But a new study of the universe's
structure, reported in last week's issue of Nature, puts that
hypothesis in deep trouble.
</p>
<p> Scientists have long known that some kind of dark matter
exists. One clue is that many galaxies spin so fast that they
should fly apart; the gravity from some unseen extra matter
must be holding them together. Studies indicate this material
surrounds the Milky Way galaxy in a roughly spherical halo. In
regions of the universe where galaxies are clustered, dark
matter seems to pervade the space within the clusters.
Calculations suggest there is about 10 times as much dark as
visible matter. That means that the gravitational pull of dark
matter is 10 times as strong. Thus, it must have played an
important role in the formation of the universe.
</p>
<p> In recent years scientists decided that dark matter is
probably made of "cold" (in astronomical jargon, that means
slow-moving) subatomic particles. According to theorists, dark
matter would have formed sooner after the Big Bang than
ordinary matter did. The dark matter would have created pockets
of high density whose gravity would then have pulled in the
later-forming ordinary matter. These pockets would eventually
grow into galaxies, and many of the galaxies would drift
together into clusters--just the state of the universe today.
</p>
<p> But the Nature report may have delivered a fatal blow to the
theory. British and Canadian astrophysicists, reanalyzing data
taken in 1983 by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, found
that superclusters of thousands of galaxies, interrupted by
voids some 200 million light-years across, are common in the
visible universe. Scientists do not believe the force of cold
dark matter alone could have worked fast enough to create
structures so large. Even 20 billion years is not enough time
for thousands of galaxies to have clumped together in the way
the theory says.
</p>
<p> For the CDM hypothesis to survive this crisis would take
such complicated physics that the cosmos would have to operate
like a Rube Goldberg machine. For the most part, though, nature
follows simple rules. So while cold dark matter may exist,
astronomers are beginning to search elsewhere to solve the
mystery of how the galaxies were born.
</p>
<p>By Michael D. Lemonick.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>